Psychological classifications - История изменений

Nagibina: /* Contemporary problems of psychological classifications */

2010-09-07T13:54:13Z

Contemporary problems of psychological classifications

Nagibina: /* Cognitive characteristics as grounds for classification */

2010-09-07T13:21:59Z

Cognitive characteristics as grounds for classification

Nagibina: /* Bodily and formal-dynamic characteristics as grounds for classification */

2010-09-07T13:21:09Z

Bodily and formal-dynamic characteristics as grounds for classification

Nagibina: /* Bibliography */

2010-09-07T13:16:17Z

Bibliography

Nagibina: /* Bodily and formal-dynamic characteristics as grounds for classification */

2010-09-07T13:10:01Z

Bodily and formal-dynamic characteristics as grounds for classification

Nagibina: /* Bibliography */

2010-09-07T13:08:54Z

Bibliography

Nagibina: /* Contemporary problems of psychological classifications */

2010-09-07T13:07:28Z

Contemporary problems of psychological classifications

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External links

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Bibliography

Nagibina: /* Cognitive characteristics as grounds for classification */

2010-09-06T15:07:18Z

Cognitive characteristics as grounds for classification

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	For determining of psychological type of a person, it is important to have a measuring instrument (test, inventory etc.), that is calibrated to reveal not the present and actual situational characteristics, but the opens which are typical, repeating with higher probability in the course of life. That is why the methods, which allow to see the present characteristics through the prism of the person whole life: biografical, structured talk, longitudional observation in real situations) are very important for the psychologists. Such methods are well developed in the clinical psychology. In the work with healthy people the use of these methods is rather narrow.		For determining of psychological type of a person, it is important to have a measuring instrument (test, inventory etc.), that is calibrated to reveal not the present and actual situational characteristics, but the opens which are typical, repeating with higher probability in the course of life. That is why the methods, which allow to see the present characteristics through the prism of the person whole life: biografical, structured talk, longitudional observation in real situations) are very important for the psychologists. Such methods are well developed in the clinical psychology. In the work with healthy people the use of these methods is rather narrow.
		+
		+	'''Example:''' The program of personality measuring by A.F.Lazurski.
		+
		+	Training qualified specialists in the field of research and diagnostics of psychological types is a particular problem. Here a whole complex of specific knowledge and skills is required.
		+	For measuring psychological types it is important to have the ability to see not separate fragments of the psychic reality but operating with the systems (cognition, motivation, values, will, emotions, self-consciousness) and taking into account their wholistic character, to master the knowledge of steady variants of these systems and skills to compare their properties. The comparing and estimating the systems are more difficult in the absence of the reliable methodological base: there is no a generally accepted opinion on what to compare and how to estimate.
		+
		+	For investigation the types it is necessary to be able to use both the qualitative and quantative methods of empirical reality research, taking into account the following factors:
		+
		+	1.The scale and the complex character of research (the possibility of keeping under control several plans of different scales).
		+
		+	2.The character and specificity of distribution of properties and characteristics in the studied environment.
		+
		+	3.The adequate number of subscales, not violating the completeness and the constructive validity of a psychological traits.

	== Bibliography ==		== Bibliography ==

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 Cognitive characteristics as grounds for classification become very popular in XX centuary.
 [[Файл:Карл_Юнг.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Karl Jung]]
 {| class="wikitable"
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	'''Example:''' Kretschmer's classification system was based on three main body types: asthenic/leptosomic (thin, small, weak), athletic (muscular, large–boned), and pyknic (stocky, fat). (The athletic category was later combined into the category asthenic/leptosomic.) Each of these body types was associated with certain personality traits and, in a more extreme form, psychopathologies.		'''Example:''' Kretschmer's classification system was based on three main body types: asthenic/leptosomic (thin, small, weak), athletic (muscular, large–boned), and pyknic (stocky, fat). (The athletic category was later combined into the category asthenic/leptosomic.) Each of these body types was associated with certain personality traits and, in a more extreme form, psychopathologies.
		+
		+	'''Example:''' American psychologist William Herbert Sheldon associats body types with human temperament types.Sheldon proposed that the human physique be classed according to the relative contribution of three fundamental elements, somatotypes, named after the three germ layers of embryonic development: the endoderm, (develops into the digestive tract), the mesoderm, (becomes muscle, heart and blood vessels), and the ectoderm (forms the skin and nervous system).
		+
		+	Sheldon's "somatotypes" and their supposed associated physical traits can be summarized as follows:
		+
		+	'''Ectomorphic:''' characterized by long and thin muscles/limbs and low fat storage; receding chin, usually referred to as slim.
		+
		+	'''Mesomorphic:''' characterized by medium bones, solid torso, low fat levels, wide shoulders with a narrow waist; usually referred to as muscular.
		+
		+	'''Endomorphic:''' characterized by increased fat storage, a wide waist and a large bone structure, usually referred to as fat.

	=== Cognitive characteristics as grounds for classification ===		=== Cognitive characteristics as grounds for classification ===

@@ Строка 312: / Строка 312: @@
 .Myers, Isabel Briggs with Peter B. Myers (1980, 1995). Gifts Differing: Understanding Personality Type. Mountain View, CA: Davies-Black Publishing. pp. xi–xii. ISBN 0-89106-074-X.
-.Jung, Carl (1976). Campbell, Joseph. ed. The Portable Jung. New York, NY: Penguin Books. pp. 178.
+. William H. Sheldon, The varieties of human physique: An introduction to constitutional psychology (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1940).
-.Jung, C.G. ([1921] 1971). ''Psychological Types'', Collected Works, Volume 6, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01813-8.
+. William H. Sheldon, Atlas of Men. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1954.
 '''In German language'''

@@ Строка 179: / Строка 179: @@
 === Bodily and formal-dynamic characteristics as grounds for classification ===
 [[Файл:Temperament.gif|thumb|200px|left|Temperaments]]
 These classifications are more often used by the clinical psychologists and the psychiatrists.

@@ Строка 288: / Строка 288: @@
-Anastasi, A. (1981). Differential psychology. (4th ed.). New York: Macmillan.
+.Anastasi, A. (1981). Differential psychology. (4th ed.). New York: Macmillan.
 .Asendorpf, J. B. (2003). Head-to-head comparison of the predictive validity of personality types and dimensions. European Journal of Personality, 17, 327–346.
 .Bates, K. L. (2006). Type A personality not linked to heart disease. [http://www.umich.edu/~urecord/0607/Sept05_06/03.shtml. Retrieved] 2006-11-05.
 .Daniels, David; and Price, Virginia (Updated and Revised 2009). The Essential Enneagram: Test and Self-Discovery Guide. HarperOne. ISBN 0-06-251676-0.
@@ Строка 407: / Строка 405: @@
 Юнг К. Психологические типы.  М., 1995.
 ==External links==

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	== Contemporary problems of psychological classifications ==		== Contemporary problems of psychological classifications ==

		+	The problems of psychological classifications are caused the high complexity and mobility of psychic. To classify the objects of the material world is more easy a task.

		+	In psychology we study consciousness with the help of consciousness. Here new possibilities are opened and the same time new limitations accured, in part, due to the subjectivity and the necessity to overcome it as it is known, in the psychic there are conscious and unconscious cognitive processes. They often take place separately, as two different means to get knowledge (information) about situations in the world. Because of this, for instance, estimations of personality characteristics with the help of projective tests (with are addressed mostly to unconscious properties) often contradict to the results of self-estimations made with help of questionaries (which are based on consciousness).

		+	For determining of psychological type of a person, it is important to have a measuring instrument (test, inventory etc.), that is calibrated to reveal not the present and actual situational characteristics, but the opens which are typical, repeating with higher probability in the course of life. That is why the methods, which allow to see the present characteristics through the prism of the person whole life: biografical, structured talk, longitudional observation in real situations) are very important for the psychologists. Such methods are well developed in the clinical psychology. In the work with healthy people the use of these methods is rather narrow.

	== Bibliography ==		== Bibliography ==

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	* Rudolf Steiner "The Four Temperaments" [http://wn.rsarchive.org/Lectures/19090304p01.html]		* Rudolf Steiner "The Four Temperaments" [http://wn.rsarchive.org/Lectures/19090304p01.html]

−	* [http://~~fourtemperaments~~.~~com/Description.htm John T. Cocoris, Psy.D~~. ~~Description of the 4 Primary Temperaments at fourtemperament.com]~~	+	* [http://www.iidp.ru/eng/ The System of types - Psycosmology]
−	* [http://~~fourtemperaments.com/Description2.htm Descriptions~~ of ~~The Temperament Blends~~]

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	One dominanting value corresponding to every type.		One dominanting value corresponding to every type.
		+
		+	== Contemporary problems of psychological classifications ==
		+
		+
		+

	== Bibliography ==		== Bibliography ==
		+
		+
		+	Anastasi, A. (1981). Differential psychology. (4th ed.). New York: Macmillan.
		+
		+	1.Asendorpf, J. B. (2003). Head-to-head comparison of the predictive validity of personality types and dimensions. European Journal of Personality, 17, 327–346.
		+
		+	2.Bates, K. L. (2006). Type A personality not linked to heart disease. [http://www.umich.edu/~urecord/0607/Sept05_06/03.shtml. Retrieved] 2006-11-05.
		+
		+	3.Bess, T.L. & Harvey, R.J. (2001). Bimodal score distributions and the MBTI: Fact or artifact? Paper presented at the 2001 Annual Conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, San Diego, USA.
		+
		+	4.Daniels, David; and Price, Virginia (Updated and Revised 2009). The Essential Enneagram: Test and Self-Discovery Guide. HarperOne. ISBN 0-06-251676-0.
		+
		+	5.Furnham, A., & Crump, J. (2005). Personality Traits, Types, and Disorders: An Examination of the Relationship Between Three Self-Report Measures. European Journal of Personality, 19, 167-184.
		+
		+	6.Kagan, J. (1994). Galen's Prophecy: Temperament in Human Nature. New York: Basic Books.
		+
		+	7.Keirsey, David (May 1, 1998) [1978]. Please Understand Me II: Temperament, Character, Intelligence (1st Ed. ed.). Prometheus Nemesis Book Co. pp. 3. ISBN 1885705026.
		+
		+	8.Pittenger, D. J. (2004). The limitations of extracting typologies from trait measures of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 779–787.
		+
		+	9.McCrae, R. R., Terracciano, A., Costa, P. T., & Ozer, D. J. (2006). Person-factors in the California adult Q-set: Closing the door on personality types? European Journal of Personality, 20, 29-44.
		+
		+	10.McCrae, R. M., & John, O. P. (1992). "An introduction to the five-factor model and its applications" (PDF). Journal of Personality 60 (2): 175–215. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00970.x. PMID 1635039. [http://www.bsu.edu/web/00t0holtgrav/623/ffmarticle.pdf.]
		+
		+	11.Myers, Isabel Briggs with Peter B. Myers (1980, 1995). Gifts Differing: Understanding Personality Type. Mountain View, CA: Davies-Black Publishing. pp. xi–xii. ISBN 0-89106-074-X.
		+
		+	12.Jung, Carl (1976). Campbell, Joseph. ed. The Portable Jung. New York, NY: Penguin Books. pp. 178.
		+
		+	13.Jung, C.G. ([1921] 1971). ''Psychological Types'', Collected Works, Volume 6, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01813-8.
		+
		+	'''In German language'''
		+
		+	Ernst Kretschmer Körperbau und Charakter. Untersuchungen zum Konstitutionsproblem und zur Lehre von den Temperamenten. Springer Berlin 1921
		+
		+	[http://tobias-lib.uni-tuebingen.de/dbt/volltexte/2004/1479/pdf/Priwitzer_v2.pdf Martin Priwitzer. und das Wahnproblem]
		+
		+	[http://books.google.com/books?id=DVlvcsfFWeAC&lpg=PR1&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=true Karl Leonhard Classification of Endogenous Psychoses and their Differentiated Etiology], 2nd edition edited by Helmut Beckmann. New York/Wien: Springer-Verlag 1999 ISBN 3-211-83259-9
		+
		+	[http://www.iidp.ru/de/paper/ps_type_part1.html Die Populäre Psychologie der Typen. Teil 1 /W.Red. N. Nagibina. Berlin, 2010]
		+
		+	'''In Russian language'''
		+
		+	Абульханова-Славская К.А. Стратегия жизни. М.,1991.
		+
		+	Абульханова-Славская К.А. Типология активности личности. // Психологический журнал, 1985, т.6, №5, с.3-18.
		+
		+	Анастази Анна. Дифференциальная психология. М., 2001.
		+
		+	Артемцева Н. Г., Губанкова Н. Г., Ильясов И. И., Миронычева А. В., Нагибина Н. Л. Психологические типы. Когнитивные стили. Ч.4. Московский гуманитарный университет, 2003
		+
		+	Артемцева Н. Г., Ильясов И. И., Миронычева А. В.,Нагибина Н. Л. Фивейский В. Ю. Познание и личность: типологический подход. М., Книга и бизнес, 2004
		+
		+	Бубнова С.С. Системный подход к исследованию психологии индивидуальности. М., 2002.
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		+	Дорфман Л.Я. Метаиндивидуальный мир. М., 1993.
		+
		+	Ильин Е.П. Психология индивидуальных различий. "Питер"., 2004.
		+
		+	Кеплер И. О более достоверных основаниях астрологии. / Герметизм, магия, натурфилософия в европейской культуре XIII-XIX вв. М., 1999.
		+
		+	Климов Е.А. Образ мира в разнотипных профессиях. М., 1995.
		+
		+	Куталёв Денис . Астрология как историко-культурный феномен. Диссертация на соискание учёной степени кандидата наук по специальности "Теория и история культуры".
		+
		+	Когнитивные стили: Тезисы Всесоюзного научного семинара. Таллин, 1986.
		+
		+	Кречмер Э. Строение тела и характер / Психология и психоанализ характера. Хрестоматия. Самара, 1997.
		+
		+	Купер К. Индивидуальные различия. М., 2000.
		+
		+	Лазурский А.Ф. Очерки науки о характерах. М., 1995.
		+
		+	Леонгард К. Акцентуированные личности. Киев, 1981.
		+
		+	Либин А.В. Дифференциальная психология: на пересечении европейских, российских и американских традиций. М., 1999.
		+
		+	Лосский Н.О. Условия абсолютного добра. М., 1991.
		+
		+	Марутаев М.А. Гармония как закономерность природы. / Золотое сечение. М., 1990, с.130-233.
		+
		+	Мейли Р.Структура личности / Поль Фресс, Жан Пиаже. Экспериментальная психология. Выпуск 5, М., «Прогресс», 1975.
		+
		+	Мельников В.М., Ямпольский Л.Т. Введение в экспериментальную писхологию личности. М., 1985.
		+
		+	Мерлин В.С. Очерк интегрального исследования личности. М., 1986.
		+
		+	Модели мира. (ред. Д.А.Поспелов). М., 1997.
		+
		+	Нагибина Н. Л., Артемцева Н. Г., Грекова Т. Н. Психология искусства. Типологический подход. М., «МосГУ», 2005
		+
		+	Нагибина Н. Л. Психология типов. Системный подход. Психодиагностические методики. Ч.1. М., Институт молодежи, 2000
		+
		+	Нагибина Н. Л., Миронычева А. В. Психология типов. Системный подход. Тело и душа. Ч.2. М., Московская гуманитано-социальная академия, 2002.
		+
		+	Нагибина Н. Л., Грекова Т. Н. Психология типов. Стратегии развития. Ч.3. М., Московская гуманитано-социальная академия, 2002
		+
		+	Нейгауз Г. Искусство фортепианной игры. М., 2000
		+
		+	Петров В.М., Грибков В.С., Каменский В.С. Поверить гармонию... экспериментом. / Число и мысль. М., 1980. Вып.3, с.145-168.
		+
		+	Платон. Соб.соч. в 4-х тт., Т. 1, М., 1990.
		+
		+	Психология индивидуальных различий: Тексты. (Под ред. Ю.Б.Гиппенрейтер, В.Я.Романова), М., 1982.
		+
		+	[http://www.iidp.ru/paper/ps_type_part1.html Популярная психология типов Часть 1 /ред. Н. Л. Нагибиной. IIDP, Москва, 2009]
		+
		+	Россолимо Г.И. Психологические профили. Методика. М., 1910.
		+
		+	Собчик Л.Н. Психология индивидуальности. Теория и практика психодиагностики. - СПб., 2005.
		+
		+	Семира и В. Веташ. Астрология в образах и аналогиях мира. Барнаул, 1993.
		+
		+	Теплов Б.М., Небылицин В.Д. Изучение основных свойств нервной системы и их значение для психологии индивидуальных различий. // Вопросы психологии. 1963, №5.
		+
		+	Торшилова Е.М. Можно ли поверить алгеброй гармонию? (Критика «экспериментальной эстетики»). М., 1988.
		+
		+	Фрагменты ранних греческих философов. Часть 1, М., 1989.
		+
		+	Шадриков В.Д. Способности в структуре психики. / Диагностика познавательных способностей. Ярославль, 1986.
		+
		+	Юнг К. Психологические типы. М., 1995.
		+
		+
		+	==External links==
		+
		+	* Arikha, Noga (2007). [http://www.passionsandtempers.com Passions and Tempers: A History of the Humours]
		+
		+	* Helminen, Päivi (1999). [http://www.uta.fi/FAST/AK11/SPE/ph-poten.html Discovering Our Potential: An Introduction to Character Types]
		+
		+	* [[In Our Time (BBC Radio 4)]] [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime_20071220.shtml episode on the four humours] in MP3 format, 45 minutes
		+
		+	* Rudolf Steiner "The Four Temperaments" [http://wn.rsarchive.org/Lectures/19090304p01.html]
		+
		+	* [http://fourtemperaments.com/Description.htm John T. Cocoris, Psy.D. Description of the 4 Primary Temperaments at fourtemperament.com]
		+	* [http://fourtemperaments.com/Description2.htm Descriptions of The Temperament Blends]

@@ Строка 187: / Строка 187: @@
 === Cognitive characteristics as grounds for classification ===
-[[Файл:Карл_Юнг.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Karl Jung]]
 Cognitive characteristics as grounds for classification become very popular in XX centuary.
 Table 1. Some '''examples''' of classifications on the ground of concrete kinds of getting and processing informations.